Prairies to Coal Swamps: Geological Features in South-Central Iowa
Introduction to the Field Trip
	Raymond R. Anderson			1
Map of the Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge				3
The Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge
	Raymond R. Anderson			5
		Introduction		5
		History		6
			The Origin of Prairies in the Great Plains	6
			What is a Prairie	6
			Climate	7
			Fires	7
			Grazing	7
			Euro-American Settlement of the Great Plains	7
			The History of the Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge	8
		Goals of the Neal Smith Wildlife Refuge		9
		Reconstructing the Prairie		9
			Prairie Vegetation	10
			The Bison	10
			The Elk	10
		The Prairie Learning Center		11
		Refuge Trails		11
			Tallgrass Trail	11
			Savanah Trail	11
			Prairie Overlook Interpretive Trail	12
			Basswood Trail	12
		Conclusions		12
		References		12
Cornfields to Prairies; Land-Use and Water Quality; The Walnut Creek Watershed Monitoring Project
	Keith E. Schilling			13
		Introduction		13
			Watershed Attributes	15
			Land Use Changes	16
		Water Quality Monitoring Results		17
			Nitrate	17
			Pesticides	19
			Fecal Coliform	20
			Nitrate Loading Patterns	21
		Sediment Transport Studies		24
			Introduction	24
			Methods	24
			Monitoring Results	25
			Stream Survey	27
			Restoration Timeframe	28
		Alluvial Floodplain Hydrology Site		29
			Geology	30
			Hydrogeology	31
		References		32
Loess Deposits Near Lake Red Rock
	Stephanie Tassier-Surine			37
		Introduction		37
		Peoria Formation		37
		Farmdale Soil		37
		Pisgah Formation		38
		Sangamon Geosol		38
		Stop 3 - Description		38
		References		39
Overview of Lower Desmoinesian (Pennsylvanian) Stratigraphy in South-Central Iowa
	John P. Pope and Adrian E. Goettemoeller			41
		Pennsylvanian Paleogeography and the Midcontinent Basin		41
		Regional Stages and the Desmoinesian Stage		42
			Cherokee and Marmaton Groups	43
			Kilbourn Formation	44
			Kalo Formation	44
			Floris Formation	45
			Generalized Floris Formation Depositional Environments in a
			Sequence-Stratigraphic Framework	46
		Common Land Plants from the Red Rock Lake Area		47
		References		49
Sphaerosiderites in Paleosols of the Pennsylvanian Cherokee Group of Southern Iowa: Physical and Geochemical Tracers of Equatorial Paleoprecipitation
	Greg A. Ludvigson, John P. Pope, and Adrian E. Goettemoeller			51
		Introduction		51
		Zonal Climatic Belts and their Characteristic Pedogenic Carbonates		51
		Modern Examples of Pedogenic Siderite		52
		Paleogeographic Setting of Sphaerosiderite-Bearing,Pennsylvanian Paleosols in North America		53
		Sphaerosiderites in the Pennsylvanian Cherokee Group of Iowa		54
		A General Theory for Early Carbonate Diagenesis, in Pennsylvanian Coals and Underclays in Iowa		55
		Acknowledgments		55
		References		56
Lake Red Rock and Elk Rock State Park
	Raymond R. Anderson			59
		Lake Red Rock		59
		Elk Rock State Park		61
		Cordova and Robet’s Creek County Parks		62
		References		62
Aerial Photographs of Afternoon Field Trip Stops				63
Stratigraphy and Preliminary Interpretation of Depositional Environments for Fieldstops in the Floris Formation, Red Rock Lake, Marion County, Iowa
	John P. Pope and Adrian E. Goettemoeller			65
		Stop 2a,b,c		65
			Stop 2a	65
			Stop 2b	67
			Stop 2c	68
		Interpretation		68
		Stop 4		69
		Stop 5		70
		Recognition of Tidally Influenced Estuarine Deposits		76
		References		76
		Acknowledgements		77